Causes of HPV virus infection in women and the link to cervical cancer
HPV (human papillomavirus) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral infections, accounting for about 99% of cervical cancer cases. Understanding the causes of this infection and how it contributes to the development of cervical cancer is essential for prevention and early diagnosis.
What is HPV infection?
HPV is a DNA virus with over 200 identified strains, of which about 40 can infect the genital area. Of these, only a few are considered oncogenic strains (such as HPV 16 and HPV 18), which can cause abnormal cell changes and, over time, lead to cervical cancer.
Main causes of HPV infection in women
Sexual transmission
HPV is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, whether vaginal, anal or oral.
Women who have started sex early or who have more than one sexual partner are at increased risk of infection.
Statistics: Over 80% of sexually active women will contract some form of HPV in their lifetime.
Lack of condom use
Although condoms reduce the risk of infection, they do not provide complete protection, as HPV can infect uncovered areas.
Effectiveness: Condom use decreases the risk of transmission by about 70%.
Weakened immune system
A compromised immune system (due to stress, chronic diseases or conditions such as HIV) increases the risk of contracting and maintaining a persistent HPV infection.
Behavioral and lifestyle factors
Smoking increases the risk of persistent HPV infection, as the toxic substances in cigarettes damage cervical cells and reduce the body’s defense capacity.
Excessive alcohol consumption or a diet low in vitamins and minerals can negatively influence the immune response.
Lack of HPV vaccination
The HPV vaccine protects against oncogenic strains, especially HPV 16 and 18, which are responsible for about 70% of cervical cancer cases.
Statistics: In countries with extensive vaccination programs, the incidence of HPV infection has decreased by more than 80%.
How does HPV infection contribute to the development of cervical cancer?
After infection, most women shed the virus naturally within 1-2 years. However, in the case of a persistent infection with oncogenic strains, the virus can cause changes in the DNA of cervical cells, which leads to precancerous lesions. These lesions, if left untreated, can progress over time to invasive cervical cancer.
Prevention of HPV infection
Vaccinarea HPV
The HPV vaccine is the most effective method of preventing infection with oncogenic strains.
It is recommended for girls and boys between the ages of 9 and 14, but it can also be administered to adults up to 26 years of age.
Screening regulat
Pap smears and HPV testing can detect abnormal cell changes before they become cancerous.
Education and awareness
Correct information about HPV infection, associated risks and prevention methods is essential to reduce the incidence.
Global and local statistics on HPV infection
Approximately 570,000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed annually globally, and 311,000 women die from the disease.
In Romania, 3,300 new cases of cervical cancer are reported annually, and the country has one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in the European Union.
HPV infection is a major public health problem, having a direct link to cervical cancer. Education, vaccination and regular screening are essential for preventing and reducing the risk of infection. Women must be aware of the risks and adopt proactive measures to protect their health.
