Diagnostic methods for cervical cancer caused by HPV infection
Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality among women, being associated in most cases with persistent HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. Early diagnosis of cervical cancer is essential, as this condition can be effectively treated if it is detected in the early stages.
The Importance of Cervical Cancer Screening
Cervical cancer screening plays a crucial role in detecting abnormal cellular changes that can evolve into precancerous lesions or invasive cancer. In Romania, free screening programs for women aged 25 to 64 are underutilized, which contributes to a high incidence rate.
Globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 604,000 new cases of cervical cancer were reported in 2020, with more than 342,000 deaths. In Romania, the data show an alarming incidence: about 3,300 new cases and 1,700 deaths annually.
The main diagnostic methods for cervical cancer
1. Pap smear
The Pap smear is a basic method for detecting precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer in the early stages.
How it works?
Cells are harvested from the cervix, which are microscopically analyzed to detect abnormal changes.
Benefits:
It detects both precancerous lesions and incipient cervical cancer.
It is accessible, fast and painless.
Limitaries:
Its sensitivity is about 70%, which requires periodic repetition for optimal results.
2. HPV testing
The HPV test is more specific than the Pap test because it directly detects the presence of the virus’s genetic material in cervical cells. It is especially recommended for women over 30 years old.
How it works?
A sample of cells is taken from the cervix to analyze the presence of oncogenic strains, especially HPV 16 and HPV 18.
Advantages:
High sensitivity in identifying the risk of cervical cancer.
Used in combination with the Pap test, it has an accuracy of up to 95%.
3. Colposcopy
Colposcopy is an investigation used for a detailed examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva.
When is it indicated?
It is recommended in cases with abnormal Pap or HPV test results.
How it works?
The cervix is analyzed with the help of a colposcope, and suspicious areas can be marked with special solutions to highlight the lesions.
4. Cervical biopsy
Biopsy is the gold standard for confirming cervical cancer.
How it works?
A tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area, which is analyzed histopathologically.
Advantages:
It provides accurate information about the presence and type of cancer cells.
Limitaries:
It is an invasive procedure that can cause discomfort.
5. Medical imaging (MRI, CT, PET-CT)
Imaging is used to stage cervical cancer in the case of an invasive cancer diagnosis.
Role:
It helps identify metastases and assess the extent of the disease.
Cervical cancer screening in Romania
According to statistics, only 25% of eligible women in Romania participate in screening programs, compared to over 60% in Western European countries. Raising awareness and improving access to testing could reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by up to 80%.
Why is early diagnosis so important?
Early diagnosis of cervical cancer allows for less invasive treatments and significantly improves prognosis. Cervical lesions detected in the precancerous stage can be treated with a success rate of over 90%, preventing progression to invasive cancer.
Diagnostic methods for cervical cancer, such as the Pap test, HPV testing and colposcopy, play a key role in reducing mortality associated with this disease. Integrating regular screening into women’s health routines can save thousands of lives annually. It is vital that women benefit from information and access to prevention and early diagnosis programs.
